Development of a decision - making model in the modular sound barriers cinfiguration process

[V. V. Đorđević]

VI, 235 listova

Komunalna buka je važan problem sa kojim se čovek suočava poslednjih decenija i koji, u velikoj meri, utiče na životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi. Uz sve veći industrijski razvoj, izgradnju novih saobraćajnica, povećan broj prevoznih sredstava i sve veću primenu raznih uređaja u komunalnoj sredini, dolazi do posledica u vidu buke, koja dovodi do poremećaja sna, pa i do ozbiljnog narušavanja zdravlja ljudi. Negativni uticaj buke se ne odnosi samo na sluh čoveka, već utiče i na celokupno čovekovo zdravlje. Problem "zagađenja bukom" je veoma važan problem, koji utiče na celokupnu životnu sredinu i sa ekološkog i sa zdravstvenog stanovišta, i zahteva preduzimanje određenih mera koje treba da dovedu do smanjenja nivoa buke u životnoj i radnoj sredini. Kada je u pitanju buka u drumskom saobraćaju, neophodno je primeniti mere kontrole buke na putevima kojima se prenosi zvuk od izvora buke do prijemnika, odnosno, objekta na koje ta buka utiče. Smetnje nivoa buke na putevima prostiranja se vrši primenom: barijera (prepreka), tunela, prirodnih prepreka (zemljani nasipi) i kombinacijom navedenih načina. Zvučne prepreke (akustični ekrani, barijere za zaštitu od buke) redukuju nivo buke na zadovoljavajući nivo sprečavanjem prostiranja zvučnih talasa. Saobraćajne zvučne barijere ( SZB) mogu biti reflektujuće i apsorpcione. Slabljenjem nivoa buke primenom reflektujućih barijera se kreću u opsegu 10-15 DB(a), a primenom apsorpcionih barijera još dodatnih 5 DB(a). U ovoj disertaciji je razvijen model za podršku odlučivanja u procesu izbora optimalne konfiguracije saobraćajnih zvučnih barijera, zasnovan na primeni metoda višekriterijumske analize. Konfiguracija barijere je zasnovana na principima modularne gradnje kako bi kombinacijom modula i njihovih geomtrijskih i funkcionalnih parametara bilo moguće obezbediti varijabilnost po pitanju veličine i oblike barijere, mogućnost promene orijentacije u prostoru, prilagođavanje konfiguracije terena i mogućnosti kombinovanja sa zasadom, dekorativnim elementima i sl. Model omogućava da se iz fonda raspoloživih modula konfiguriše SZB koja će, za konkretne uslove, na optimalni način zadovoljiti akustične i neakustične zahteve i koja se istovremeno uklapa u postojeće okruženje kako bi bila prihvaćena od strane lokalne zajednice. Model je zasnovan na metodima višekriterijumske optimizacije koji definišu kriterijume (ciljeve) odlučivanja, postupak generisanja alternativa, odnosno, mogućih konfiguracija barijera i predlog metoda za ocenu i rangiranje alternativa. Ponuđena konfiguracija omogućava investitoru da za konkretne uslove svake deonice puta odabere najkvalitetniju varijantu koja će ujedno biti i ekonomski najisplativija, a predložena metodologija proizvođačima barijera obezbeđuje jasna pravila na osnovu kojih mogu graditi svoju konkurentnost na tržištu SZB.

Communal noise is an important problem that humans have been facing in recent decades and which, to a large extent, affects the environment and human health. With increasing industrial development, construction of new roads, an increased number of vehicles and increasing use of various devices in the communal environment, there are consequences in the form of noise, which leadst to sleep disturbances, and even to serious damage to people people's health. The negative impact of noise does not only affect a person's hearing, but also affects a person's overall health. The problem of "noise pollution" is very important problem, which affects the entire environment both from an ecological and health standpoint, and requires taking certain measures that should lead to a reduction in the level of noise in living and working environments. When it comes to noise in road traffic, it is necessary to apply noise control measures on the roads that transmit sound from the source of the noise to the receiver, that is, the object that are affected by that noise. Reducing the noise level on roads is done by applying: barriers, tunnels, natural barriers (earth bunds, mounds or berms) and a combination of the aforementioned. Sound barriers (acoustic screens, barriers for noise protection) reduce the noise level to a satisfactory level by preventing the propagation of sound waves. Traffic sound barriers (SZB) can be reflective and absortive. Attenuation of the noise level with the use of reflective barriers is in the range of 10-15dB(A), and with the use of absorption barriers an additional 5dB(A). In this dissertation, a decision support model was developed in the process of choosing the optimal configuration of traffic sound barriers, based on the application of multi-criteria analysis methods. The configuration of the barriers is based on the principles of modular construction so that by combining the modules and their geometric and functional parameters, it is possible to ensure variability in terms of the size and shape of the barrier, the possibility of changing the orientation in space, adaptation to the configuration of the terrain and the possibility of combining it with planting, decorative elements etc. The model makes it possible to configure SZB from the pool of available modules which, for specific conditions, will optimally satisfy acoustic and non-acoustic requirements and which also fits into the existing environment in order to be accepted by the local community. The model is based on multi-criteria optimization methods that define decision-making criteria (goals), the procedure for generating alternatives, i.e. possible configurations of barriers, and proposed methods for evaluating and ranking alternatives. The offered configuration allows the investor to choose the best quality variant for the specific conditions of each section of the road which will also be the most economically profitable, and the proposed methodology provides clear rules to barrier manufacturers on the basis of which they can build their competitivness on the SZB market.

Modularne saobraćanje zvučne barijere, višekriterijumsko odlučivanje, model odlučivanja

modular traffic sound barrier, multi-criteria decision-making, decision-making model

621.7:519.816 (043.3)

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